Ostinato's expressive effects are versatile. Repetition can generate trance and hypnotic absorption, as in ritual music; it can create propulsion and insistence, driving forward momentum; it can establish a tonal or modal backdrop enabling contrast with foreground material. The same pattern may signify stability, menace, or parody depending on orchestration, harmony, and context: a low repeating minor-third figure can feel ominous in film scoring, while a bright syncopated riff can energize a pop groove.
Compositional uses range from literal looped repetition to more subtle variants—transposition, augmentation, diminution, or fragmentation—allowing ostinato to evolve without losing identity. Modern production techniques (looping, sampling) have made ostinato ubiquitous in electronic, hip-hop, and pop music, where short loops form the skeleton of tracks.
The 20th century dramatically expanded ostinato's expressive range. Stravinsky and Debussy used repeating cells to fracture traditional phrase structure and emphasize rhythm and color. Minimalists such as Steve Reich and Philip Glass elevated repetitive patterns into the structural core: gradual process, phase shifting, and additive rhythm transformed ostinato from accompaniment into narrative. In jazz, repeated ostinati—bass lines or vamps—anchor improvisation, providing stable harmonic frameworks while encouraging rhythmic interplay and modal exploration.
(If you want, I can expand this into a longer essay, add musical examples, or focus on a particular genre or the 1992 "Ostinato Destino" reference.)